Using picture-based communication to bridge the literacy gap
In a world where literacy is often assumed, millions still face challenges with reading and writing. Fundamental literacy skills are essential—they enable individuals to complete tasks like filling out forms, following instructions, and making informed decisions. Moreover, locating, evaluating, and using information effectively is increasingly vital in today’s data-driven world.
However, in many regions where illiteracy is widespread, traditional text-heavy methods of communication often fail to reach those who cannot read. Written language can be a barrier for these individuals, excluding them from crucial information and even jeopardising their safety. This is where picture-based instructions offer a practical solution. By replacing or complementing text with clear, intuitive visuals, such as symbols, illustrations, or diagrams, communication becomes more inclusive. This approach empowers people who may not be literate in any language, enabling them to navigate daily tasks independently and confidently.
Picture-based communication is already making a difference around the world. For instance, in healthcare campaigns across Africa, organisations like UNICEF and Doctors Without Borders have utilised illustrated posters and comic-strip-style leaflets to inform communities about hygiene, nutrition, vaccination, and disease prevention. During the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, visual materials were critical in conveying urgent safety instructions to people in areas with high illiteracy and diverse local languages.
In refugee camps and disaster zones, aid agencies often rely on pictograms to overcome language barriers and low literacy. These images help maintain order in situations requiring clear instructions, such as guiding people to sanitation facilities or explaining food distribution procedures. The use of visual communication ensures that essential messages are accessible to everyone, regardless of their ability to read.
Research in visual literacy and instructional design has shown that visuals are processed faster and retained longer than written text. For people who cannot read, picture-based instructions reduce cognitive overload and allow them to act on information without needing to decode unfamiliar words. This method also fosters independence, empowering individuals to complete tasks like taking medication, navigating transportation systems, or assembling objects without relying on others.
Moreover, picture-based tools can serve as a gateway to literacy. Exposure to visual aids paired with simple language helps learners associate images with words, creating a bridge from recognition to reading. This gradual process can support literacy development, making it easier for individuals to transition from visual to text-based learning.
The success of picture-based instructions depends on thoughtful design. First and foremost, the visuals need to be culturally relevant. Images should reflect local customs, clothing, and daily life to ensure they resonate with the intended audience and avoid misinterpretation. Designers should collaborate with local communities to test and adjust these tools as needed. Clarity is also essential. Instructions should be broken down into simple, logical steps, often using arrows, numbers, or other clear markers to indicate the correct order. Simplicity is key—avoid unnecessary decoration that could distract from the message.
Finally, where possible, pairing visuals with audio cues or simple text labels can enhance the learning experience and support those transitioning to literacy. The combination of visuals and language can help individuals make connections between images and words, further supporting literacy development.
Advocating for inclusive communication requires designing systems that ensure no one is left behind. Picture-based instructions provide an accessible and impactful solution, offering leaders in education, public health, and policy a clear opportunity to take responsibility and ensure that communication is effective and inclusive.
